Pang Zhuoheng
Pang Zhuoheng Wikipedia card Pangzhuo Heng, history and development of Tianjin Normal University Institute, Professor. Is a famous historian, the field of comparative study of Chinese history is one of the representatives. Since the 20th century, 80 years, his comparative study in the history of both theory and practice conducted in-depth exploration, published a large number of the state. Comparative Study of History of the history and methodology, comparative study of feudal society and Western theory and practice and comparative studies of Chinese and Western history and culture theory and practice, is his comparative study of history focuses on several aspects of the field. His twenty years of the history of China in the comparative study of the development process had a broad impact. Catalogue of the direction of Biography as a job Academic Thought and the traditional understanding of the difference between historical movement levels and historical comparison of the level of proposed historical comparative study of levels of general special individual relationship between the academic achievements monograph Introduction to Papers Pangzhuo Heng, 1935 Health, Chongqing City. Department of History from Peking University in 1959. 1962, Tianjin Normal Pangzhuo Heng (Tianjin Teachers College) taught ever since. 1986.12 -1987 * 7, Visiting Professor, University of Sussex; July-August 1990, University of Oslo and the University of Copenhagen to give lectures; 1999.11 -2000 * 12, a visiting professor at University of Houston. History and development of Tianjin Normal University is currently director of the Institute, Professor; Beijing Normal University, Historiography and History Research Center, member of Academic Committee Member, Northeast Normal University, Research Center of the classical civilization of Academic Committee, United States Houston visiting professor at the University Center for Asian American Studies; China Ancient and Medieval History of the World, vice chairman of the Historiography of Chinese History, Vice President, Yan Huang Culture Research Society honorary member, Long-term commitment to research medieval history, historiography, comparative history (modern history, cultural comparison and comparison), philosophy of history and philosophy of science and history and economics, development studies, cultural anthropology, cross-disciplinary research. Biography Pangzhuo Heng, 1935 was born in Chongqing City. Pang Zhuoheng 1959 graduated from Peking University Department of History. Tianjin Normal University in 1962 (Tianjin Teachers College) taught ever since. 1986.12 -1987 * 7, Visiting Professor, University of Sussex; July-August 1990, University of Oslo and the University of Copenhagen to give lectures; 1999.11 -2000 * 12, a visiting professor at University of Houston. Current position as the history and development of Tianjin Normal University Institute, Professor; Beijing Normal University, Historiography and History Research Center, member of Academic Committee Member, Northeast Normal University, Research Center of the classical civilization of Academic Committee, the United States off Visiting Professor, Princeton University, Center for Asian American Studies; China Ancient and Medieval History of the World, vice chairman of the Historiography of Chinese History, Vice President, Yan Huang Culture Research Society honorary member, duties. Academic Thought Pang Zhuoheng theoretical exploration Recognition of historical materialism from the beginning. He believes that the final analysis of historical materialism reveals the necessity of the historical development of the universal law of cause and effect, and this is their material practical activities to promote the productive forces and production relations, the economic base and superstructure contradiction development from junior to senior, from the primitive society through the development of class society to communism rule. Therefore, the core of historical materialism are two things: One is the reality of human practice is the first practice of material production as the starting point; second departure from the practice of human history reveals the inevitability of the universal law of cause and effect. The difference between the traditional understanding of the heritage of the Pang Zhuoheng interpretation of historical materialism is different from the traditional understanding. Traditional understanding of the economy or productivity is always the historical development as the ultimate or root cause BlackBerry Battery, Pang Zhuoheng that too much emphasis on this understanding of social structure or social relations, ignoring people's practical activities, which not entirely consistent with the original intent of the founder of historical materialism. Because of historical materialism have a clear starting point, which is In addition, traditional knowledge is always to reveal the universal law of historical materialism as a social formation followed by a number of historical patterns of evolution, this understanding is the theory of historical materialism to explain the historical law of historical development of one-way. Pang Zhuoheng, stressed the inevitability of historical materialism reveals is the universal law of cause and effect, rather than He pointed out that historical materialism is a scientific determinism, which is the material substance itself as the only ultimate cause, and that the decision of the causal necessity, or simply for a dollar and decision on the outcome of many factors. Pang Zhuoheng Marx in the study were several examples of historical comparative study pointed out that Marx is always used in the comparison study on the historical development of the ultimate cause of historical materialism and the universal law of the principle of unity and diversity of history to grasp the dialectical relationship between the vivid and specifically reveal the universal laws of history and the special laws, comparative study of Marx's inspiration with the new historical conditions for new exploration. Re in the understanding of historical materialism, based on two ideas along Pang Zhuoheng comparative study of history to do a thorough exploration of theory. The level of the movement of history and historical comparative study of the level of Pangzhuo Heng from the overall focus of historical comparative research that the level of historical comparison with the historical movement of the level should be the same, and so, should follow the historical movement to determine the level of the hierarchy of historical comparison . So, what is the historical movement of perspectives? Pang Zhuoheng from historical materialism, He believes that if left the reality of human practice, the productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure of the basic contradictions in these areas is not movement in itself, it is the people's practical activities to promote the basic social contradictions before the Development. This as a logical basis, he specifically addressed the practice of human activities and the activities of the relationship between the social product. He's practice is broadly divided into labor and production activities, economic exchanges, social and political activities and spiritual exchanges. He stated that the productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure is the practice of these activities in different areas of the product, which once formed the practice of human activities will have a strong regulatory role, but their movement is human after all practice-driven. This means that the level of the first major movement of history is the practice of human activities (these activities, there is another level of relationship between the material practice is the first level of these activities), the second level is the basic social contradictions (productivity and production relations, between the economic base and superstructure, a corresponding level of relations, productivity is the basic social contradictions of the first level.) There is no doubt, would be the largest second-level constraints to create a strong level, but he knew from the first major level, but their level of development of the movement from the first major impetus. Raised the level of this comparative study of history, he concentrates on a period: the first level of historical research should study the reality of each historical era of how people produce their own Yishi Zhu, etc. of material and material life process, from production activities The studies reveal the reality of the people of each era material force, spiritual power status and level of development, thus revealing the corresponding level of development of social productive forces and the corresponding economic exchanges with the corresponding production relations, then revealed that the superstructure of the corresponding and their corresponding activities in the field of institutional superstructure, system or structure, so as to clarify specific epochs of history, the history of each nation's specific law of development and the development of the whole of human history the most common and general law. Follow this logic, Pang Zhuoheng discussion on the historians of Chinese feudal society in China and Western Europe, longer duration of feudal society, the root causes of short duration that occur when several representative view of the discussion on the historians of Western feudal society in Western Europe the transition to capitalism formed when the root cause of several representatives of Pang Zhuoheng of view, have done a thorough assessment. In his view, Chinese and foreign historians study the issue in all the divergent views put forward star wars the old republic power leveling, show that people not only in the mastery of historical and discrimination, and more importantly, in the theoretical understanding into problems. Academic difficult to solve this first step is to return to historical materialism in terms of ideology, He firmly believes that different historical times, different peoples and nations of the specific law of development and thus enrich and develop Marxism and Engels revealed the universal historical development of human understanding of the law. The special relationship between the general history of the individual comparative study of the most common immediate goal is to Two or more people to the history of the phenomenon of vertical or horizontal contrast, always want to summarize the historical phenomenon of the same (or similar) and the differences. How to understand the historical phenomenon, however the same or different? Between the two related? Comparative Study of which is dedicated to the history scholars often encounter a major problem. This issue involves how to grasp the historical development of a general not a special relationship between the historical fact that is how to recognize the relationship between unity and diversity. This is a comparative study of history can not avoid a major theoretical issues. Pang Zhuoheng Comparative Study of the general history of a special relationship between one another to do a comprehensive study, a series of profound insights. Pang Zhuoheng according to the principles of Marxist philosophy that just as the object of knowledge, like all other historians of the historical development of the face is also a diversity of movement of its own unity, the unity of this diversity, there is a part of its overall basic cell structure, but also the universal law of corresponding special rules for a rule that a number of other sexual level. Any movement of human history a part, also a corresponding diversity of self-contained entity, but also its respective hierarchy. For example, when the whole historical movement of human society as a whole to examine the time to see it in the vertical contains some common characteristics with the individual regions from lower to higher development of progressive history, go down to the individual tribal look Group - from junior to senior national progressive development of national history; in the horizontal it contains broadly similar stages in different regions or different types of stages of social history and the history stages of individual countries. Correspondingly, it has a corresponding movement of the whole social history of the universal law of the total, corresponding to its vertical or horizontal on the social history of different parts of the special laws and the corresponding individual in the history of individual countries laws. Another example, when the history of feudal society as a whole to examine, the same will see it also in the vertical and horizontal components contain different and the basic unit. Accordingly, also has its own universal laws, special laws and individual nature of law. However, relative to the entire human history, the history of feudal society and the whole history of human society, this is only a special part of the greater whole, which exists between the two levels of individual and general, special and general relations. * Academic achievements monograph 1990); * Paper * impetus to the development of social and historical issues continuation of the more social of the reasons for a long time Marx's Palestine the What is the philosophy of history A problem of contemporary philosophy of science 4 of 2001, production, development and evolution of knowledge [1]
Pang Zhuoheng
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